HINDI VYAKRAN E-BOOK VERY USEFUL STUDY MATERIAL FOR TET, HTAT & OTHER EXAMS
Hindustani, the lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu, which are the official languages of India and Pakistan respectively. Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
On this grammar page Hindustani is written in "standard orientalist" transcription as outlined in Masica (1991:xv). Being "primarily a system of transliteration from the Indian scripts, [and] based in turn upon Sanskrit" (cf. IAST), these are its salient features: subscript dots for retroflex consonants; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels; hdenoting aspirated plosives. Tildes denote nasalized vowels.
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